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作 者 作 品

非常Jeffrey,非常台灣
So Jeffrey, So Funny:笑傲英語妙雙關(附雙CD)

英語會話

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So Jeffrey, So Easy(PS0001)──新聞英語 8 周打通關

類別: 語言‧升學‧學習>英語會話
叢書系列:Studying
作者:閔傑輝
       Jeffrey Mindich
出版社:時報文化
出版日期:2000年09月26日
定價:399 元
售價:315 元(約79折)
開本:25開/平裝/336頁
ISBN:9571331902

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推薦序1推薦序2推薦序3自序名人經驗談1名人經驗談2名人經驗談3書摘 1書摘 2書摘 3書摘 4書摘 5



  書摘 1

播音英文正是訓練聽力的好媒體

我們大致上將新聞媒體分為兩大類,一為 Electronic Media (電子媒體),從前叫Broadcast News ,指的是電視及廣播電台的新聞;另一種是 Print Media (平面媒體),包括報紙、雜誌等。如果問一般人,以新聞英文來說,你認為哪個較容易懂,是電子媒體還是平面媒體?我想多數人會說平面。理由無二,你拿在手上,看的速度,隨你個人的閱讀能力而定,如果看不懂,可以重複看,可以查字典,對初學者而言,這些平面媒體的優點,的確有些幫助。

雖然如此,對學習者而言,電子媒體的英文有個極大的優勢,許多人絕對不知道的,那就是它所用的英文比平面要 easy 得多!看到這裡,你是不是在質疑,新聞英文就是新聞英文,還有什麼 easy 與不 easy 之分?有這樣的懷疑不能怪你,因為你不曾當過電子媒體的播報員,但是所有從事這行的人都可以告訴你,這就是事實!

電子媒體所使用的英文,我們稱它為 Broadcast Style English 播音式的英文),與所謂的Print Style English (平面式的英文)絕對不一樣,且聽我慢慢道來它有什麼不同。科學研究證明,我們的腦子就像一部電腦,隨時都在處理一些資訊,如果電腦一次處理太多訊息,可能會當機,人腦雖然不「當機」,它能處理的資訊還更有限。你一定有過這樣的經驗,兩個人同時跟你說話,你會沒有辦法詳細聽懂兩個人說話的內容,換言之,我們腦子的「處理機」一次只能完整的接收一種訊息。

這個道理跟播音式英文又是什麼關係?你可以很容易的發現,英文報紙的新聞,一句話可以很長,並且有許多 Dependent clauses (從屬子句)串連在裡面,以一個閱「讀」者來說,你可以依自己的速度慢慢看或重複看;但是即使英文是你的母語,一次「聽」到太長或太複雜的一句話,腦子可能會loss掉部分的資訊,因此,幾十年前,電子媒體在美國開始流行,就漸漸發展出所謂的廣播式的英文,雖然這麼做原本是為了讓一般的聽眾較容易聽懂,但對英文非母語的學習者而言,可是一大福音呢!

播音式英文最大的特點是什麼呢?一言以蔽之,就是:「Write for the ear.」(為給人聽而寫),它非常的口語,就像有個人在對你說話一樣。實際進行播音式英文的撰寫時,有幾個要點如下:

(一)Headline your story in the first sentence(利用新聞的第一句話為標題)
(二)Keep your sentences short(字句盡量短)
(三)One sentence, one idea(一句話,一個想法)
(四)Use as simple vocabulary as possible(盡可能用簡單的單字)
(五)Use attribution only when necessary(需要時,才將消息來源的全名報出來
(六)Use the present tense whenever possible(盡量用現在式)
(七)Avoid using dependent clauses(避免使用從屬子句)

電子媒體對台灣的學習者而言,還有個最大的意義,我觀察到許多台灣學生有一個不好的習慣,在英文的聽、說、讀、寫中,過度重視讀,太依賴眼前的文字,導致英文聽力無法進步。常常學習聽播音新聞,不知不覺的,整體的聽力會全面提升。


(一)Headline Your Story In The First Sentence

無論報紙或雜誌的報導,多半會有行粗黑字的大標題,引導你了解新聞的大致內容。播音新聞沒有大標題,所以開始的第一句話多半會以標題的方式呈現,以下的例子就可以比較:

平面稿:
After two hostages jumped to safety from a window in their home, police stormed their apartment, rescued a third hostage and fatally shot the man who had held them captive since Friday in a suburb of Baltimore Maryland.

播音稿:
A hostage crisis in a suburb of Baltimore Maryland has come to an end. Two hostages held by a man since Friday jumped to safety from a window. A third was rescued after police stormed the apartment and fatally shot the man.

相較之下,播音稿乾淨俐落多了。第一句話告訴你新聞的始末,細節放在之後的兩句話,不要說你,連英文是母語的我,也覺得播音稿順暢多了。

(二)Keep Your Sentences Short

上面提到,即使英文是你的母語,一時也不容易聽進太長的句子,所以往往平面稿的一句文字,會變成播音稿的兩句,甚至三句話。

平面稿:
Protesters ended their second day of intense rallies as they ran out of steam after struggling against a highly organized police force during a day of torrential rain which left many fearful of hypothermia.

播音稿:
Protesters have ended their second day of intense rallies. They ran out of steam after struggling against a highly organized police force. In addition, the day of torrential rain left many fearful of hypothermia.

(三)One Sentence, One Idea

電腦學有個名稱叫「multi-tasking」,意思是說電腦可以同時進行一個以上的動作,雖然這對電腦科技來說,已經不算大不了,但是人腦還是不太容易辦到,若不信,你可以拿起筆來寫一個較長的英文單字,另外用說的拼出另外一個字,會比你想像的難很多。播音稿針對人腦的這個「缺陷」,不會在同一句裡有多個訊息,以免讓人腦的「處理機」當機,以下面的例子來說明:


平面稿:
George W. Bush, looking to knock John McCain out of the 2000 presidential race, campaigned in New York on Friday, as a Reuters/MSNBC multi-state poll found the Texas governor headed for a "Super Tuesday" triumph.

以上的平面稿在同一句話裡報導兩件不同的事情,一是小布希在紐約有競選活動,二是某個相關民調的結果,將這兩件事情改為較符合播音稿的寫法,如下:

George W. Bush campaigned in New York Friday, looking to knock John McCain out of the 2000 presidential race. The Texas governor appears headed for a "Super Tuesday" triumph according to a Reuters/MSNBC multi-state poll.

(四)Use As Simple Vocabulary As Possible

還記得 20 幾年前,當時我還在唸書,美國某月刊跟我約了一篇 800 字的書評。除了很想把書評寫好之外,也想表現自己的文筆很好,所以盡量用一些複雜及難懂的字,來顯示自己很有「學問」。回想當時自己的心態,覺得有些愚蠢,雖然為了符合廣播的需要,我現在盡量用最簡單的字彙,但至今仍有不少平面媒體的作者還是喜歡用「big words」。雖然如此,平面媒體用難一點的單字無所謂,讀者可以慢慢看,但是電子媒體只有一次的機會讓你聽懂,所以多盡量用最簡單的單字。

平面稿:
Republicans are admonishing the President that a continuation of vacillation will hamper efforts to bring the issue to a resolution.

播音稿:
Republicans warn the President that a decision is needed in order to settle the issue quickly.

(五)Use Attribution Only When Necessary

一個媒體工作者在採訪某人或從別人得到一些消息時,把這些人的名字、頭銜或消息來源明確的寫出來,我們稱為「attribution」,是真實傳達新聞的重要步驟。但是有時候,這些人的名字不重要,或其頭銜很長,對力求精簡的電子媒體而言,可就不太適合。但是「attribution」是新聞報導的要件,總不能沒有,所以廣播稿採取折衷的方式,如果消息來源或受訪者是名人,或跟新聞內容關係重要,就得完整報出;但是如果只是為了證實消息的來源,可以只用他的頭銜而省掉姓名。

平面稿:
Two Nevada prison inmates overpowered two guards and escaped during a rest stop while being transported to other facilities Saturday, according to Nevada prison spokesman Glen Jones Whorton.

播音稿:
Two Nevada prison inmates overpowered two guards and escaped. According to a Nevada prison spokesman, the escape took place during a rest stop while being transported to other facilities Saturday.

從以上的例子還可以了解廣播新聞使用「attribution」的另外一個原則。為了不破壞第一句的標題式寫法,盡量把「attribution」放在第二句,除非發言內容是新聞重點。
另外,如果「attribution」的頭銜太長,也可視狀況縮短,例如:

平面稿:
The poaching of elephants for the illegal ivory trade remains a problem, and bans on hunting should not be lifted at the current time, according to the General Secretary of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, Willem Wijnsteker.

播音稿:
Conservationists claim the poaching of elephants for the illegal ivory trade remains a problem. One senior conservation official says consequently that bans on hunting should not be lifted at the current time.

當然,如果有聽眾向我們求證,我們從原稿的資料可以查出那一位「senior conservation official」的正確頭銜及姓名。

(六)Use The Present Tense Whenever Possible

電子媒體的新聞有一個極大的優勢,就是它的時效性。報紙一天只出版一次,你在早晨翻開報紙時,所看到的新聞都是報社記者好幾個小時前寫的「舊」聞,因此,當他們在寫新聞時,也只好用過去式;而電子媒體可以隨時更新資料,廣播電台因為沒有畫面,甚至可以在播報新聞的前幾分鐘,編寫新聞的最新發展。

平面稿:
Three armed men robbed a downtown bank Friday afternoon, making off with over a hundred thousand dollars, police sergeant Joseph Helfworth said.

這條新聞見報時,可能那三個搶匪已經被逮捕了,即使沒有新的發展,廣播還有些寫法讓新聞聽起來更即時,例如:
Police are searching for three armed bank robbers. Police say the men robbed a downtown bank on Friday, making off with over a hundred thousand dollars.

或:
Three armed bank robbers are at-large, following a daytime robbery Friday. A police official said the trio took over a hundred thousand dollars.

(七)Avoid Using Dependent Clauses

平面文稿經常使用從屬子句,但是廣播採取精簡的原則,通常是刻意避免,以下為例:

平面稿:
Trapped by a bolted door and mesh-covered windows, 18 teen-age girls and their supervisor died when a fire swept through a high school dormitory in the South Pacific nation of Tuvalu, officials said today.

「Trapped by a bolted door and mesh-covered windows」就是從屬子句,依播音稿的方式會寫成:

18 teen-age students and their supervisor died when a fire swept through a high-school dormitory in the South Pacific nation of Tuvalu. Officials said the victims were trapped by a bolted door and mesh-covered windows.

自己動動手吧!下面是一篇來自外電的稿子,有好幾個不符合播音稿的地方,你會怎麼改呢?

1. Negotiators have agreed to focus their talks on the release of one critically ill woman, who was among a group of 21 tourists taken hostage last month, when they meet with rebels later today in the latest round of talks, government spokesman June Alatodo told reporters before leaving for the island of Jolo.

2. No protesters turned up at the downtown Windsor meeting site by mid-afternoon Monday, probably due as much to cold, rainy weather that descended on this southern Ontario city across the border from Detroit as to the armed riot police patrolling downtown streets.

3. He protests Sunday were the largest in memory at an OAS gathering and brought the grouping of 34 countries face-to-face with the anti-free trade movement that disrupted a World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle in December and also evoked street clashes at an International Monetary Fund meeting in Washington earlier this year.