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ILLICIT-5
ILLICIT
The Reserve Army of the Undocumented
93–94 [Osaka Zen spa] Nina Bernstein, “Women Complain of Hellish Life at Upscale Spa,” New York Times, April 9, 2004, p. B1.
94 [Chinese labor market in the United States] Peter Kwong, “Impact of Chinese Human Smuggling on the American Labor Market,” chapter 9 in Kyle and Koslowski, eds., Global Human Smuggling.
94 [Corporate illegal alien scam] “Largest Corporation Immigrant Smuggling Ring Indicted by the INS,” NPR News/National Public Radio, December 10, 2001.
94 [Comment about implicit subsidy to U.S. companies employing illegal aliens] Mathias Blume, Letter to the Editor, The Economist, January 29, 2005, p. 14.
95 [Northern Marianas] Robert Collier, “Stalemate in Talks on Saipan Workers,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 20, 1999, p. A1.
95–96 [Remittances] Devesh Kapur and John McHale, “Migration’s New Payoff,” Foreign Policy, November–December 2003, pp. 48–57; also, International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: Globalization and External Imbalances, Washington, DC, April 2005, chapter 2, “Workers’ Remittances and Economic Development.”
96 [“Exporting” daughters in China] Howard French, “A Village Grows Rich Off Its Main Export: Its Daughters,” New York Times, January 3, 2005, p. A4.
96 [Nigerian prostitutes return home] Somini Sengupta, “Oldest Profession Is Still One of the Oldest Lures for Young Nigerian Women,” New York Times, November 5, 2004, p. A9.
Dragons, Coyotes, Snakeheads
97 [“It’s like a dragon . . . ”] Chin, “Social Organization,” p. 218.
97 [30,000 Chinese in safe houses; 4,000 Chinese in Bolivia] Ibid., p. 217.
97 [300,000 clandestine in Moscow] Frank Viviano, “New Mafias Go Global: High-Tech Trade in Humans, Drugs,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 7, 2001.
97 [El Paso network/1998] Allen Myerson, “4 Indicted on Immigrant Smuggling Scheme,” New York Times, February 27, 1998, p. A20.
97–98 [change from coyote model to business model] Peter Andreas, “The Transformation of Migrant Smuggling across the U.S.-Mexican Border,” chapter 4, in Kyle and Koslowski, eds., Global Human Smuggling. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
97–98 [Price of Passage] Mary Jordan, “People Smuggling Now Big Business in Mexico,” Washington Post, May 17, 2001, p. A1.
98 [Boughader organization and the M smuggling network in Mexico] Oscar Becerra, “Mexican People Smuggling Trade Worth Billions,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, December 2004, p. 31.
98 [Smuggler with cell phone/Sumatra] Michael Winchester, “The ‘Travel Agents’: On the Trail of the Syndicates Smuggling Desperate Middle Easterners through Asia To Australia,” Asiaweek, January 19, 2001.
98–99 [Meissner] Author interview with Doris Meissner, U.S. Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1993–2000; Washington, DC, February 2002 (published in Foreign Policy, March–April 2003, p. 31).
99 [Carranza] Author interview with Miguel Angel Carranza, San Antonio, Texas, November 19, 2004.
Get Your Papers Here
100 [Afghanistan] Melinda Liu, “All Papers in Order: Getting the Documents Needed to Be Smuggled Abroad Is Shockingly Easy,” Newsweek, November 5, 2001; Hugh Williamson, “Smugglers See Afghans as Potential Prey,” Financial Times, November 5, 2001, p. 8.
100–01 [U.S. identification documents in Bowling Green] Peter Laufer, “My New Kentucky Home,” Washington Monthly, January–February 2005, p. 24.
101 [Interpol’s secretary-general on stolen passports] El Pais, January 28, 2005, p.
101 [Official complicity with snakeheads] Chin, “Social Organization,” pp. 225–29.
101 [Italy/Greece] Author interview with Italian diplomat, Athens, Greece, November 11, 2004.
101–02 [Examples of smuggling methods] Mary Jordan, “Smuggling People Is Now Big Business in Mexico,” Washington Post, May 17, 2001, p. A1; Sofia Wu, “Cross-Strait Human Smuggling Ring Busted,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), January 14, 1999; Letta Tayler, “Crossing a ‘Corridor of Death,’ ” Newsday, June 17, 2002, p. A14.
102 [Phoenix and Perris, California, stories] Nick Madigan, “160 Migrants Seized at an Upscale Home,” New York Times, February 13, 2004.
102–03 [Internet warehousing/sale of trafficked people] Landesmann, “The Girls Next Door,” another source is: Graham Johnson and Dominic Hipkins, “Sex Slaves for Sale at ￡3,000 Each,” Sunday Mirror (UK), December 28, 2003.
The Law Tries to Catch Up
103 [Migrants’ rights convention] United Nations, “International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,” UN General Assembly Resolution 45/158, December 18, 1990.
103–04 [UN smuggling and trafficking protocols] United Nations, “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,” UN General Assembly Resolution 55/25, November 15, 2000; United Nations, “Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,” UN General Assembly Resolution 55/25, November 15, 2000.
104 [U.S. policy] U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, annual; Gary Haugen, “State’s Blind Eye on Sexual Slavery,” Washington Post, January 16, 2002.
104 [Turkey arrests] “Smuggling of Humans into Europe Is Surging,” Washington Post, May 28, 2001.
104 [Prison terms] U.S. Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (November 2004). see: http://www.ussc.gov/2004guid/tabconoy_1.htm
105 [NGOs] See in particular Polaris Project at www.humantrafficking.com; Coalition Against Trafficking in Women at www.catwinternational.org.
105 [concerned journalists] Landesman, “The Girls Next Door”; Nicholas Kristof, “Cambodia, Where Sex Traffickers Are King,” New York Times, January 15, 2005, p. A15; Kristof, “Leaving the Brothel Behind,” New York Times, January 19, 2005, p. A19; Kristof, “Back to the Brothel,” New York Times, January 22, 2005, p. A11; Kristof, “After the Brothel,” New York Times, January 26, 2005,
p. A17; Kristof, “Sex Slaves? Lock Up the Pimps,” New York Times, 29 January 2005, p. A19.
Trading on Despair
107 [Relative deprivation] Oded Stark and J. Edward Taylor, “Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation,” Economic Journal 101, issue 408 (1991): pp. 1163–78.
108 [Morocco story] “Arriesgo la vida de mi hijo porque vivir en Marruecos es como estar muerto,” El Pais, February 11, 2003, p. 43.
CHAPTER 6: THE GLOBAL TRADE IN STOLEN IDEAS
109 [Bono] “Names and Faces,” Washington Post, November 27, 2004, p. C3.
109 [Microsoft Longhorn Malaysia anecdote] John Burton, “Software Pirates Circulate New Microsoft Operating System,” Financial Times, December 12, 2003, p. 9.
109 [GM suit] Richard McGregor, “GM Probes Chery ‘Piracy,’ ” Financial Times, November 12, 2003, p. 30.
109 [Gen. Michael Kalashnikov’s lawsuit against U.S. government] John Ness, “Swords into Vodka,” Newsweek International, November 22, 2004, p. 54; C. J. Chivers, “Who’s a Pirate: Russia Points Back at the U.S.,” New York Times, July 26, 2004, p. A1.
110 [Canal Street] Julia Apostle and David Gruber, “City of Phonies,” at NYC24.com, issue 4, February 23, 2001; Julian E. Barnes, “Fake Goods Are Flowing under the New Radar,” New York Times, October 14, 2001, p. C4.
Revenge of the Brands
111 [Counterfeits boom] “Imitating Property Is Theft,” The Economist, May 15, 2003; “The Impact and Scale of Counterfeiting,” Interpol, online at http://www.interpol.com/Public/News/Factsheet51pr21.asp
111–12 [New York and growth in commercial losses] “Bootleg Billions: The Impact of Counterfeit Goods Trade on New York City,” New York State Office of the Comptroller, November 2004.
112 [Seizures] [Europe] “Warning as Fake Goods Flood Market,” BBC News Online, August 8, 2003.
112 [United States] “Since 2000, the number of seizures of infringing goods at our nation’s borders has increased by 100 percent. During the first half of 2004, CBP is setting a record pace with increases in seizures.” U.S. Department of Commerce, “Results,” StopFakes.gov., online at http://www.export.gov/stop_fakes_gov/results.asp
112 [Product range] “Market Pirates Lose the Taste for Luxury,” Financial Times, July 27–28, 2002.
112 [Japanese schoolteachers] “Bags of Trouble,” Far Eastern Economic Review, March 21, 2002, pp. 52–55.
113 [China] Ted C. Fishman, “Manufaketure,” New York Times Magazine, January 9, 2005; “People’s Republic of Cheats,” Far Eastern Economic Review, June 21, 2001.
113 [Online counterfeit trade estimate] “Imitating Property Is Theft,” The Economist, May 15, 2003.
114 [Africa counterfeit pharma] Tope Akinwade, “Lethal ‘Cures’ Plague Africa,” World Press Review 51, no. 2 (February 2004).
114 [Togo CD industry] Matt Steinglass, “Moctar and Moctar,” Transition 92 (2002), pp. 38–55.
114 [Thailand demonstration] “Imitating Property Is Theft,” The Economist, May 15, 2003.
115 [Open source] Peter Wayner, “Whose Intellectual Property Is It, Anyway? The Open Source War,” New York Times, August 24, 2000, p. G8.
115 [“I have several fake handbags”] Author interview, New York, March 14, 2004.
Intellectual Property Is Hot Property
116 [History of idea of intellectual property] “Economics Focus: Market for Ideas,” The Economist, April 14, 2001; Suzanne Scotchmer, Innovation and Incentives (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005).
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